The comprehension of living organisms in all their complexity poses a major challenge to the biological sciences. Recently, systems biology has been proposed as a new candidate in the development of such a comprehension. The main objective of this paper is to address what systems biology is and how it is practised. To this end, the basic tools of a systems biological approach are explored and illustrated. In addition, it is questioned whether systems biology ‘revolutionizes’ molecular biology and ‘transcends’ its (...) assumed reductionism. The strength of this claim appears to depend on how molecular and systems biology are characterised and on how reductionism is interpreted. Doing credit to molecular biology and to methodological reductionism, it is argued that the distinction between molecular and systems biology is gradual rather than sharp. As such, the classical challenge in biology to manage, interpret and integrate biological data into functional wholes is further intensified by systems biology’s use of modelling and bioinformatics, and by its scale enlargement. (shrink)

Report of the symposium 'Towards a Philosophy of Systems Biology' held at the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam (VUA), the Netherlands, from 2 to 3 June 2005.

On échange des cadeaux en fin d'année par convention. Ecrire de gauche à droite, rouler à droite ou encore s'arrêter lorsque le feu est rouge sont des conventions. Les conventions sont également mobilisées pour coordonner les individus d'un même groupe de travail, de façon à déterminer le moment et la durée de la pause, mais aussi leur niveau d'effort, comme " ne faire que x pièces à l'heure ", voire la façon dont ils sont rémunérés. Les conventions jouent ainsi un (...) rôle important dans la coordination économique. La notion de convention est un thème d'étude nouveau pour l'économie. Elle fait aujourd'hui l'objet de très nombreuses recherches. Cet ouvrage ambitionne de clarifier tous les usages du terme " convention " en économie, depuis les travaux qui s'appuient sur la philosophie du langage jusqu'aux thèses développées par " l'Economie des conventions ", en passant par la théorie des jeux. Cet ouvrage est le fruit d'un travail collectif qui a associé et mobilisé une équipe de chercheurs an sein de FORUM. (shrink)

Religious concern pervades Wittgenstein’s writings although not at the foreground. The paper first underlines both the variety of Wittgenstein’s views on religion and the seminal role of his mystical experience of the war in the building of these views. Then it suggests an interpretation of the “harmony” between Wittgenstein’s religious point of view and his philosophy of language and mind. This interpretation relies on the concepts of aspect’s change (Aspektwechsel) and conversion (Bekehrung).

A vast stream of empirical work has revealed that coach and athlete leadership are important determinants of sport teams’ functioning and performance. Although coaches have a direct impact on individual and team outcomes, they should also strive to stimulate athletes to take up leadership roles in a qualitative manner. Yet, the relation between coach leadership behavior and the extent of high-quality athlete leadership within teams remains underexposed. Based on organizational justice theory and the social identity approach, the present research tested (...) whether perceived justice of the coach positively predicts the quality of athlete leadership. Furthermore, we examined the role of group dynamic processes within this relation. Belgian volleyball and basketball players were asked to rate the justice of their coach, their team identification, the task cohesion, and the athlete leadership quality in the team. Structural equation modeling indicated that coaches’ perceived justice positively predicted the quality of athletes’ leadership, and that this relation was established through three intermediate steps. These results suggest that fair coach behavior does not only bridge the gap between leadership and followership, it also has the potential to improve the quality of athletes’ leadership within sport teams. More specifically, findings suggest that coaches’ perceived justice cultivates a shared social identity characterized by high levels of players’ identification with their team, which in turn increased their perceptions of the team’s task cohesion. Finally, this increased task cohesion encouraged the athlete leaders to demonstrate high-quality leadership. (shrink)

In this paper we present two compatible hypotheses to explain interest in celebrity gossip. The Learning Hypothesis explains interest in celebrity gossip as a by-product of an evolved mechanism useful for acquiring fitness-relevant survival information. The Parasocial Hypothesis sees celebrity gossip as a diversion of this mechanism, which leads individuals to misperceive celebrities as people who are part of their social network. Using two preliminary studies, we tested our predictions. In a survey with 838 respondents and in-depth interviews with 103 (...) individuals, we investigated how interest in celebrity gossip was related to several dimensions of the participants’ social lives. In support of the Learning Hypothesis, age proved to be a strong predictor of interest in celebrities. In partial support of the Parasocial Hypothesis, media exposure, but not social isolation, was a strong predictor of interest in celebrities. The preliminary results support both theories, indicate that across our life span celebrities move from being teachers to being friends, and open up a list of future research opportunities. (shrink)

The growing importance of the cryptocurrency phenomenon has raised concerns about the ethical implications of a hypothetical widespread use of these new forms of digital money. In this paper, we undertake an ethical assessment of cryptocurrencies drawing upon two specific ethical theories: private property ethics and utilitarianism. Particularly, we focus on three distinctive aspects. First, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies vis‐à‐vis central bank fiat money. Second, we analyze cryptocurrencies as facilitators of tax evasion and the ethical implications (...) arising therefrom. Finally, we explore the use of cryptocurrencies for nefarious consumption. We conclude that, were cryptocurrencies to become widespread media of exchange, governments capacity to undertake monetary, fiscal, and drug policy would be undermined. We argue that this would be an ethically desirable outcome from both a private‐property‐rights and a utilitarian perspective since it would force governments to reduce their size and scope in these three areas. (shrink)

The growing importance of the cryptocurrency phenomenon has raised concerns about the ethical implications of a hypothetical widespread use of these new forms of digital money. In this paper, we undertake an ethical assessment of cryptocurrencies drawing upon two specific ethical theories: private property ethics and utilitarianism. Particularly, we focus on three distinctive aspects. First, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies vis‐à‐vis central bank fiat money. Second, we analyze cryptocurrencies as facilitators of tax evasion and the ethical implications (...) arising therefrom. Finally, we explore the use of cryptocurrencies for nefarious consumption. We conclude that, were cryptocurrencies to become widespread media of exchange, governments capacity to undertake monetary, fiscal, and drug policy would be undermined. We argue that this would be an ethically desirable outcome from both a private‐property‐rights and a utilitarian perspective since it would force governments to reduce their size and scope in these three areas. (shrink)

Food media have become a formidable part of adolescents’ food environments. This study sought to explore how and why adolescents use food media by focusing on selectivity and motives for consumption. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 31 Flemish adolescents aged 12 to 16. Food media were both incidentally consumed and selectively sought for education, social utility, and entertainment. The levels of selectivity and motives for consumption varied among the different food media platforms. Incidental consumption was more prevalent with TV (...) cooking shows compared to online food media. The dominant motives for TV cooking show consumption were companionship and entertainment, while online food media were used for a more diverse range of motives dominated by information/inspiration and social interaction. Some participants consumed food media to get motivation and inspiration to improve health and fitness while others consumed food media to watch appetizing and aesthetically pleasing food content. The social environment in the form of friends and family as well as existing food preferences were dominant psychosocial factors for both traditional and online food media use. Future research is warranted to explore how incidental exposure and the identified motives for use relate to food media effects. (shrink)

What determines if the first interaction between strangers will be a pleasant experience? We conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which the perceived quality of an interaction is influenced by conversation content and context, and we document the physiological changes that are likely to play a role in establishing rapport. Females who did not know each other met in pairs and conducted a gossip- or creativity task, either face-to-face or online. The conversation content had no effect on the (...) quality of online interactions. However in the face-to-face condition gossip was associated with better interaction quality. Tonic electrodermal activity steadily declined throughout the interaction, while phasic electrodermal activity first peaked and then returned to baseline. Neither were related to perceived interaction quality. Heart rate variability dropped at first but then remained stable. A smaller drop in HRV drop corresponded to higher ratings of rapport and liking. Together these results suggest that gossip can improve the quality of a face-to-face interaction between strangers, and support the conjecture that parasympathetic activity is a marker of human openness to social engagement. (shrink)

Parents play an important part in adolescents’ life and significantly contribute to youngsters’ academic success. However, parents’ and students’ perceptions regarding parental involvement may diff...

We introduce non-associative linear logic, which may be seen as the classical version of the non-associative Lambek calculus. We define its sequent calculus, its theory of proof-nets, for which we give a correctness criterion and a sequentialization theorem, and we show proof search in it is polynomial.

La logique IF est-elle la véritable logique élémentaire, comme le prétend Hintikka? Mais, d’abord, est-elle véritablement élémentaire, c’est-à-dire du premier ordre? Il est tentant de répondre non, en arguant du pouvoir extraordinaire de cette logique par rapport à la logique du premier ordre ordinaire. Mais, pour impressionnante que puisse être l’objection, elle n’atteint pas son but. Il faut une réfutation directe, fondée sur l’analyse de la notion d’ordre.

La logique IF est-elle la véritable logique élémentaire, comme le prétend Hintikka? Mais, d’abord, est-elle véritablement élémentaire, c’est-à-dire du premier ordre? Il est tentant de répondre non, en arguant du pouvoir extraordinaire de cette logique par rapport à la logique du premier ordre ordinaire. Mais, pour impressionnante que puisse être l’objection, elle n’atteint pas son but. Il faut une réfutation directe, fondée sur l’analyse de la notion d’ordre.

1. Introduction. 2. Is Tarski’s theory of truth, as Popper claims after Tarski himself, a rehabilitation of the traditional view of truth as correspondence to facts? — Yes, but not for the reasons he gives. 3. Is Tarski’s explicit definition of truth , as Popper claims after Tarski himself, purely morphological ? — No. 4. Is Tarski’s theory, as Tarski claims it to be, « epistomologically neutral » ? — This thesis is ambiguous, and Tarski can support it just as (...) Popper can dispute it as well. 5. Is Popper right for all that when he goes as far as to claim that Tarski’s theory of truth provides an argument in favour of « metaphysical realism » — No. 6. Conclusions.Résumé1. Introduction 2. La théorie de la vérité de Tarski est-elle, comme Popper l’affirme à la suite de Tarski lui-même, une réhabilitation de la conception traditionnelle de la vérité comme correspondance aux faits ? — Oui, mais pas pour la raison qu’il donne. 3. La définition explicite de la vérité de Tarski est-elle, comme Popper l’affirme à la suite de Tarski lui-même, purement morphologique ? — Non. 4. La théorie de Tarski est-elle, comme celui-ci le prétend, « épistémologiquement neutre » ? — La thèse est équivoque, et Tarski peut aussi bien la soutenir que Popper la contester. 5. Popper a-t-il raison pour autant d’aller jusqu’à prétendre que la théorie de la vérité de Tarski fournit un argument en faveur du « réalisme métaphysique » ? — Non. 6. Conclusions. (shrink)

1. Introduction 2. La théorie de la vérité de Tarski est-elle, comme Popper l’affirme à la suite de Tarski lui-même, une réhabilitation de la conception traditionnelle de la vérité comme correspondance aux faits? — Oui, mais pas pour la raison qu’il donne. 3. La définition explicite de la vérité de Tarski (quand elle est possible) est-elle, comme Popper l’affirme à la suite de Tarski lui-même, purement morphologique (syntaxique)? — Non. 4. La théorie de Tarski est-elle, comme celui-ci le prétend, « (...) épistémologiquement neutre »? — La thèse est équivoque, et Tarski peut aussi bien la soutenir que Popper la contester. 5. Popper a-t-il raison pour autant d’aller jusqu’à prétendre que la théorie de la vérité de Tarski fournit un argument en faveur du « réalisme métaphysique »? — Non. 6. Conclusions. (shrink)

Il y a un dilemme de la philosophie scientifique, limitée ici pour simplifier à la philosophie scientifique des sciences, assez évident dans lequel Carnap se trouve pris, mais auquel ni lui ni, sauf erreur de ma part, ses successeurs et commentateurs n’ont cru devoir s’arrêter : Ou bien la philosophie en question est scientifique au même sens que les autres sciences, c’est-à-dire ici qu’elle est elle-même l’une des sciences qu’elle a pour objets. On se demande alors à quoi pourrait ressembler (...) plus précisément une telle philosophie scientifique, à supposer qu’elle fût possible. Ou bien la philosophie en question n’est pas scientifique au sens des autres sciences, c’est-à-dire ici qu’elle est la seule qui puisse les prendre toutes pour objets, mais la seule aussi qu’elle ne puisse prendre pour objet. La prétendue philosophie scientifique des sciences n’est alors pas la philosophie de toutes les sciences, c’est seulement une philo­sophie des sciences non philosophiques. Ce dilemme vaut pour la philosophie scientifique en général et pour celle de Carnap en particulier, pour laquelle il prend une forme assez tranchante pour qu’on puisse en discuter sérieusement, surtout si l’on s’en tient à la philosophie scientifique des sciences identifiée par Carnap, à l’époque de la Syntax, à l’étude syntaxique, ou syntaxe, du Langage de la science. La réponse négative, savante et incontestée qu’il conviendrait alors d’apporter à la question cruciale de la première branche est connue : non, une syntaxe adéquate du Langage de la science dans ce Langage même est impossible, à moins que celui-ci ne soit inconsistant. Dans le présent article, on propose une formulation et une esquisse de démonstration inhabituelles de cette impossibilité, ne mobilisant aucun codage, gödélien ou autre, de la syntaxe élémentaire du Langage de la science dans ce Langage même ; et l’on remet en cause le critère d’adéquation impliqué dans la démonstration de l’impossibilité en question, rouvrant ainsi la possibilité de sortir par le haut d’un dilemme dont Carnap s’est cru obligé, ou du moins s’est conduit comme s’il était obligé, de sortir par le bas. (shrink)

Il y a un dilemme de la philosophie scientifique, limitée ici pour simplifier à la philosophie scientifique des sciences, assez évident dans lequel Carnap se trouve pris, mais auquel ni lui ni, sauf erreur de ma part, ses successeurs et commentateurs n’ont cru devoir s’arrêter : Ou bien la philosophie en question est scientifique au même sens que les autres sciences, c’est-à-dire ici qu’elle est elle-même l’une des sciences qu’elle a pour objets. On se demande alors à quoi pourrait ressembler (...) plus précisément une telle philosophie scientifique, à supposer qu’elle fût possible. Ou bien la philosophie en question n’est pas scientifique au sens des autres sciences, c’est-à-dire ici qu’elle est la seule qui puisse les prendre toutes pour objets, mais la seule aussi qu’elle ne puisse prendre pour objet. La prétendue philosophie scientifique des sciences n’est alors pas la philosophie de toutes les sciences, c’est seulement une philo­sophie des sciences non philosophiques. Ce dilemme vaut pour la philosophie scientifique en général et pour celle de Carnap en particulier, pour laquelle il prend une forme assez tranchante pour qu’on puisse en discuter sérieusement, surtout si l’on s’en tient à la philosophie scientifique des sciences identifiée par Carnap, à l’époque de la Syntax, à l’étude syntaxique, ou syntaxe, du Langage de la science. La réponse négative, savante et incontestée qu’il conviendrait alors d’apporter à la question cruciale de la première branche est connue : non, une syntaxe adéquate du Langage de la science dans ce Langage même est impossible, à moins que celui-ci ne soit inconsistant. Dans le présent article, on propose une formulation et une esquisse de démonstration inhabituelles de cette impossibilité, ne mobilisant aucun codage, gödélien ou autre, de la syntaxe élémentaire du Langage de la science dans ce Langage même ; et l’on remet en cause le critère d’adéquation impliqué dans la démonstration de l’impossibilité en question, rouvrant ainsi la possibilité de sortir par le haut (en restant sur la première branche) d’un dilemme dont Carnap s’est cru obligé, ou du moins s’est conduit comme s’il était obligé, de sortir par le bas (en se repliant sur la seconde). (shrink)

Is second-order quantification legitimate? For Quine, it was pure non-sense, unless construed as first-order quantification in disguise, ranging over sets. Boolos rightly maintained that it could be interpreted in terms of plural quantification, but claimed that it then ranged over the same individuals as singular, first-order quantification. I protest that plural quantification ranges over what I call multiplicities. But what is a 'multiplicity'? And does this idea itself not fall prey to something like Frege's paradox?

We consider a situation where an individual is facing an uncertain situation, but may costly alter his knowledge of the uncertainties. We study in this context how risk aversion may modify the individual search behavior. We consider a one-armed bandit problem (where one arm is safe and the other is risky) and study how the agent risk aversion can change the sequence of arms selected. The main result is that when the utility function is more concave, the agent has more (...) chances to select the safe arm. We also discuss how search is affected by risk aversion. (shrink)

The comprehension of living organisms in all their complexity poses a major challenge to the biological sciences. Recently, systems biology has been proposed as a new candidate in the development of such a comprehension. The main objective of this paper is to address what systems biology is and how it is practised. To this end, the basic tools of a systems biological approach are explored and illustrated. In addition, it is questioned whether systems biology ‘revolutionizes’ molecular biology and ‘transcends’ its (...) assumed reductionism. The strength of this claim appears to depend on how molecular and systems biology are characterised and on how reductionism is interpreted. Doing credit to molecular biology and to methodological reductionism, it is argued that the distinction between molecular and systems biology is gradual rather than sharp. As such, the classical challenge in biology to manage, interpret and integrate biological data into functional wholes is further intensified by systems biology’s use of modelling and bioinformatics, and by its scale enlargement. (shrink)

This study aims to understand how and why emerging adults come into contact with food media messages, and what they perceive as positive and negative outcomes related to food literacy. Seven focus groups, stratified by gender and socio-economic status, with 37 emerging adults aged between 18 and 25 were conducted. Photovoice was used to reflect on participants’ real-life food media experiences. Findings reveal that food media consumption is a combination of actively searching and incidentally encountering. The results suggest that food (...) media messages attract emerging adults’ attention by bringing content in an entertaining, engaging, and appealing way, and featuring popular food personalities. Finally, food media messages were perceived to both enhance and distort food literacy. The results show how food media messages for food literacy interventions can be designed in order to attract emerging adults’ attention and fulfill their specific needs. (shrink)

“No one can serve two masters.” This Bible quotation highlights an irreducible contradiction, which echoes numerous organizational settings. This article considers the under-explored ethical implications of paradoxical injunctions created by such a contradiction at the managerial level. Contradictory organizational constraints turn into paradoxant systems , where the organization structurally settles paradoxical injunctions which challenge managerial ethics in practice. We then ask what managerial responsibility means in such contexts and find that managers have then to reshape their practice as a situated (...) construction through constant mediation between different “masters” and bricolage (i.e., tinkering with concepts). An ethnographic case study of an anti-money laundering service in an investment bank illuminates this phenomenon from a practice perspective. The possibility to enact an actual ethical practice within the contradictory organization relies on a new role of the manager. This implies drawing on an approach of responsible management as an enactment of ethics in practice which is situated within the framework of a new conception of both the organization, as a structurally “paradoxant system,” and the manager as a mediator in charge of enacting coherence. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe massive influx of refugees into Europe in the past few years has given rise to different kinds of challenges among which is the challenge to successfully communicate with newly arrived immigrants. In this article, we will focus on the public service provision sector where quality of service is to a large extent determined by the capability of a service provider and his or her “client” to understand one another. The article centres on a study involving public organisations providing asylum (...) services or healthcare services in the multilingual and multicultural city of Brussels. Several interviews were conducted to gain insight into the communication problems such organisations face, as well as their communication requirements and solutions when providing services to people of different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. We will focus on the types of bridging functions commonly deployed by these organisations in multilingual service encounters and on the motivations for using them. In a... (shrink)

Héritier de l'humanisme de la Renaissance et précurseur du siècle des Lumières, Pierre Bayle est un des penseurs les plus originaux de l'âge classique. Protestant exilé aux Pays-Bas, il est devenu un apôtre de la liberté de conscience, et son activité de philosophe, de journaliste et de savant ainsi que sa vaste correspondance lui ont donné un rôle-clé dans l'évolution de la culture européenne. Conjuguant les approches historique, littéraire et philosophique, les auteurs de ce volume réexaminent la vie et le (...) discours de Bayle, les thèmes de son oeuvre et les modalités de leur diffusion. En mettant l'accent sur les informations fournies par la correspondance et sur le rôle de Bayle dans les débats éthiques et métaphysiques de l'époque, ils étudient: l'activité épistolaire, élément historique déterminant mais aussi métaphore d'un penseur toujours en mouvement; la réflexion philosophique et politique sur la tolérance, la liberté, la justice, la vertu - enjeux actuels, notamment dans le domaine de la laïcité; les tensions irréductibles présentes dans le discours baylien sur la raison et la foi, qui refuse toute simplification. Une riche bibliographie qui répertorie plus de 950 titres parus entre 1900 et 2010 complète ce volume, et donne un aperçu de ces champs de recherche en pleine évolution. La pensée de Bayle a rayonné sur l'Europe classique en contribuant à sa 'crise de conscience'; nous en redécouvrons l'étonnante modernité. (shrink)

This presentation discusses a notion encountered across disciplines, and in different facets of human activity: autonomous activity. We engage it in an interdisciplinary way. We start by considering the reactions and behaviors of biological entities to biotechnological intervention. An attempt is made to characterize the degree of freedom of embryos & clones, which show openness to different outcomes when the epigenetic developmental landscape is factored in. We then consider the claim made in programming and artificial intelligence that automata could show (...) self-directed behavior as to the determination of their step-wise decisions on courses of action. This question remains largely open and calls for some important qualifications. We try to make sense of the presence of claims of freedom in agency, first in common sense, then by ascribing developmental plasticity in biology and biotechnology, and in the mapping of programmed systems in the presence of environmental cues and self-referenced circuits as well as environmental coupling. This is the occasion to recall attempts at working out a logical and methodological approach to the openness of concepts that are still to be found, and assess whether they can operate the structuring intelligibility of a yet undeveloped or underdeveloped field of study, where a “bisociation" and a unification of knowledge might be possible. (shrink)

Public announcement logic is an extension of multiagent epistemic logic with dynamic operators to model the informational consequences of announcements to the entire group of agents. We propose an extension of public announcement logic with a dynamic modal operator that expresses what is true after any announcement: after which , does it hold that Kφ? We give various semantic results and show completeness for a Hilbert-style axiomatization of this logic. There is a natural generalization to a logic for arbitrary events.

We argue for an intimate relation between semantic externalism and semantic deference and propose a typology of speakers’ metasemantic views as revealed by their deferential attitudes. Building on this typology, we then offer a classification of metasemantic disagreements understood as verbal disputes between speakers who (consciously or unconsciously) hold divergent metasemantic views about the same word. In particular, we distinguish lower-order metasemantic disagreements between speakers who disagree on the exact source of meaning determination for a word yet agree on the (...) kind of deferential attitude this word is liable to, from higher-order metasemantic disagreements between speakers who do not even agree on the suitable kind of deferential attitude. We demonstrate the fruitfulness of our classification through the concrete implications it has for conceptual engineering. (shrink)

We introduce non-associative linear logic, which may be seen as the classical version of the non-associative Lambek calculus. We define its sequent calculus, its theory of proof-nets, for which we give a correctness criterion and a sequentialization theorem, and we show proof search in it is polynomial.

Barnett and Block claim that Bagus and Howden support indirectly the concept of market failure. In this paper, we show that maturity mismatching in an unhampered market may imply entrepreneurial error but cannot be considered a market failure. We demonstrate why fractional-reserve banking leads to business cycles even if there is no central bank and why maturity mismatching does not per se lead to clusters of errors in a free market. Finally, in contrast to the examples provided by Barnett and (...) Block, we assure that maturity mismatching does not imply the creation of two incompatible contracts due to the fungible nature of money. (shrink)